Azaspiracid toxicity kinetics in vivo and in vitro suggests accumulative effects. Azaspiracids have been related to widespread organ damage, tumorogenic properties and acute heart rhythm alterations in vivo but the mechanism of action remains unknown. Azaspiracid-1, AZA-2, and AZA-3 presence in shellfish is regulated by food safety authorities of several countries to protect human health. The first intoxication was described in The Netherlands in 1990, and since then several episodes have been reported worldwide. Azaspiracids (AZAs) are marine toxins produced by Azadinium spinosum that get accumulated in filter feeding shellfish through the food-web.
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